Updated August 2026
Going on holiday should be enjoyable, but deciding who will care for your dog can feel more difficult than choosing where to go.
Your main options include:
- House sitting in your home
- Licensed home boarding
- Boarding kennels
- Care from family or friends
- Taking your dog with you
- A combination of professional and familiar care
There is no single arrangement that is right for every dog.
A confident, sociable dog who enjoys new places may settle happily with a licensed home boarder. Another dog may prefer a well-run kennel they already know.
A nervous rescue dog, senior dog or dog who relies heavily on routine may be more comfortable remaining at home with a suitable house sitter.
The best choice is not simply the arrangement that appears most convenient or least expensive.
It is the one that safely meets your individual dog’s needs.
For my local overnight service, visit House Sitting in Finchley and North London.
Suggested summary points:
- The best holiday-care arrangement depends on your dog’s temperament, health, routine and ability to cope with change.
- House sitting keeps the surroundings familiar, while home boarding and kennels suit some confident and sociable dogs.
- Commercial home boarders and boarding kennels in England should hold an appropriate local-authority licence.
- Family or friends can be suitable, but care instructions, insurance, emergencies and reliability still need careful planning.
- Arrange introductions, trial stays and written instructions before committing to a longer holiday.
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Dog holiday-care options at a glance
| Care option | Where your dog stays | May suit | Main points to check |
|---|---|---|---|
| House sitting | Your home | Nervous, rescue, senior or routine-dependent dogs | Sitter’s experience, insurance, daytime absences and emergency arrangements |
| Licensed home boarding | The boarder’s home | Confident dogs comfortable in another household | Licence, resident pets, other boarded dogs, children and sleeping arrangements |
| Boarding kennels | Licensed kennel premises | Dogs familiar with kennel environments | Licence, staffing, exercise, cleanliness, noise and veterinary procedures |
| Family or friends | Your home or theirs | Dogs who already know and trust the carer | Reliability, experience, insurance, routine and emergency decisions |
| Taking your dog | Holiday accommodation | Dogs who travel and settle well | Journey, accommodation rules, weather, activities and local veterinary care |
| Mixed arrangement | Varies | Dogs benefiting from several familiar carers | Clear responsibility, communication, access, insurance and consistent instructions |
Start with the dog in front of you
Do not begin by asking which option is generally considered best.
Begin by asking how your dog normally copes with:
- New people
- Unfamiliar buildings
- Other dogs
- Car travel
- Changes in sleeping arrangements
- Different walking routes
- Being separated from you
- Noise
- Children
- Visitors entering the home
- Changes in feeding times
Also consider:
- Age
- Health
- Medication
- Mobility
- Toileting needs
- Previous care experiences
- Resource guarding
- Escape risk
- Separation-related behaviour
- How long they can comfortably be left
Two dogs living in the same street may need completely different arrangements.
One may enjoy spending a week in a busy home with other dogs.
Another may stop eating, struggle to sleep or become overwhelmed by the same environment.
Option one: house sitting in your home
House sitting means your dog remains in their own home while a sitter stays there and provides the agreed care.
Your dog can usually keep:
- Their normal sleeping area
- Familiar smells
- Their normal feeding routine
- Local walking routes
- Their usual equipment
- Familiar household sounds
- Access to their normal resting places
The main change is that you are away and someone else is providing the care.
That change still matters.
House sitting does not guarantee that your dog will feel no concern or notice your absence. It simply avoids changing the location, sleeping arrangements, walking area and surrounding animals at the same time.
The RSPCA advises that having a responsible person care for a pet in their own home may help keep the surroundings and routine familiar. (RSPCA)
Dogs who may benefit from house sitting
House sitting may be particularly useful for:
- Nervous dogs
- Rescue dogs
- Reactive dogs
- Senior dogs
- Dogs who dislike car travel
- Dogs who struggle around unfamiliar animals
- Dogs who take time to trust people
- Multi-pet households
- Dogs who require carefully managed local walks
- Pets with established medication routines
- Dogs who have previously struggled in boarding
My House Sitting Versus Boarding for Rescue Dogs guide explores this question specifically for sensitive and newly adopted dogs.
Advantages of house sitting
Possible advantages include:
- Your dog remains in familiar surroundings
- No transport to another property
- No unfamiliar group of dogs
- Local walks can continue
- Cats and small animals may remain in the same home
- The property has an occupied presence
- Feeding and sleeping routines may be easier to maintain
- Care can be adapted to one household
This can be particularly practical when you have:
- More than one dog
- Dogs and cats
- Rabbits or guinea pigs
- Several pets with different routines
- A dog who cannot safely mix with other animals
Limitations of house sitting
House sitting is not automatically continuous care.
A standard sitter may leave during the day for:
- Other work
- Pet visits
- Shopping
- Appointments
- Meals
- Normal personal commitments
You need to ask:
- How long will my dog be left?
- How often will the sitter return?
- Will they stay overnight?
- What time will they arrive and leave?
- Are walks included?
- Does the sitter care for other animals during my booking?
- What happens if the sitter becomes ill?
- Can my dog safely cope with the agreed absences?
Under my standard house-sitting service, I may be away for up to four continuous hours unless a different arrangement has been agreed.
A dog who cannot be left alone may need full-time house sitting, which is a separate service with a different price and booking structure. My current standard overnight rate is £60 per night, while agreed full-time care starts at £100 per night. (Finchley Dog Walker)
Read the full house-sitting inclusions, prices and booking arrangements before enquiring.
Option two: licensed home boarding
Home boarding means your dog stays in someone else’s home.
This may feel more domestic than a traditional kennel, but it is still a change of:
- Location
- Household
- Sleeping arrangements
- Walking routes
- People
- Smells
- Sounds
- Daily routine
Some home boarders take one household at a time.
Others care for several unrelated dogs.
Some have resident pets, children or frequent visitors.
The details matter more than the label.
Dogs who may enjoy home boarding
Home boarding may suit a dog who:
- Enjoys visiting other homes
- Settles quickly in new places
- Travels comfortably
- Is sociable around suitable dogs
- Can sleep away from home
- Is comfortable with unfamiliar people
- Has no major guarding concerns
- Can adapt to a different routine
A short trial stay can help you assess whether your dog genuinely settles rather than merely coping for a few hours.
Check the home-boarding licence
Commercial home boarding in England is a licensable activity.
The provider should be able to show you their current local-authority licence. The licence sets a maximum number of dogs and includes requirements relating to suitable accommodation, welfare, records and emergency procedures. (GOV.UK)
Ask to see:
- The current licence
- The licence number
- The star rating where displayed
- Insurance
- Relevant training
- Emergency arrangements
- The home and garden
- Sleeping areas
- Separation areas
- Resident-pet arrangements
Do not rely solely on a profile hosted by a booking platform.
The individual property and care arrangement still need checking.
Questions to ask a home boarder
Ask:
- How many dogs will stay at the same time?
- Are they from separate households?
- Are there resident dogs?
- Are there cats or small animals?
- Do children live in or visit the home?
- Where will my dog sleep?
- Will dogs ever be left together unsupervised?
- How are meals and chews managed?
- How are dogs introduced?
- What happens when dogs do not get along?
- How long are dogs left alone?
- Where are they walked?
- Are dogs transported?
- Is off-lead exercise used?
- What happens in an emergency?
- Which veterinary practice is used?
- What vaccination or parasite requirements apply?
Blue Cross recommends meeting the home boarder, seeing the accommodation, checking the licence and insurance and introducing your dog to the household before booking.
Use my guide to choosing a trusted dog sitter or boarder to plan your questions.
Option three: boarding kennels
Boarding kennels vary considerably.
Some are small and quiet.
Others are larger facilities caring for many dogs.
A well-run kennel should provide safe accommodation, suitable exercise, clean surroundings, trained staff and clear veterinary procedures.
Commercial boarding kennels in England must operate under the relevant local-authority licensing system.
Dogs who may cope well in kennels
Kennels may suit a dog who:
- Has stayed successfully before
- Is confident in unfamiliar places
- Can rest despite nearby dogs
- Is comfortable being handled by different people
- Does not need a quiet household environment
- Can manage the kennel’s feeding and exercise routine
Some dogs become familiar with a particular kennel and return happily.
Do not assume that every kennel is stressful or that every home environment is automatically better.
Visit and assess the actual facility.
What to inspect
Ask to see:
- Sleeping accommodation
- Exercise areas
- Heating and ventilation
- Cleaning arrangements
- Security
- Fencing
- Isolation facilities
- Food-preparation areas where appropriate
- The number of dogs
- Staffing
- Emergency procedures
Look for:
- Clean, dry accommodation
- Secure doors and boundaries
- Comfortable resting areas
- Appropriate noise management
- Calm handling
- Clear records
- Staff who ask detailed questions about your dog
Blue Cross recommends visiting before booking, checking the licence, asking about staffing and exercise and confirming how veterinary emergencies are handled. (Blue Cross)
Ask about dog-to-dog contact
Do not assume your dog will be mixed with others.
Ask:
- Can dogs see each other from their accommodation?
- Are unfamiliar dogs exercised together?
- How are compatible dogs selected?
- Can my dog be kept separate?
- What happens when a dog appears frightened?
- Are food and chews provided near other dogs?
- How is barking and noise managed?
A sociable dog does not necessarily want to share every part of their day with unfamiliar animals.
Option four: asking family or friends
A friend or relative may already know your dog well.
This familiarity can be valuable, but knowing your dog socially is not the same as taking full responsibility for them over several days.
Consider whether the person can reliably manage:
- Walks
- Feeding
- Medication
- Reactivity
- Recall
- Resource guarding
- Night-time routines
- Emergencies
- House security
- Travel delays
- A dog who refuses food
- A dog who becomes distressed
Do not choose someone only because they are free.
Choose them because they are willing, capable and clear about what the care involves.
Where will your dog stay?
The arrangement may involve:
- Your friend staying in your home
- Your dog moving into their home
- A combination of visits and overnight stays
Moving your dog into another home creates many of the same questions as home boarding:
- Are other animals present?
- Are children present?
- Is the garden secure?
- Where will the dog sleep?
- Can the dog cope with being left?
- Are food and chews managed safely?
- Is the person permitted to have the dog under their housing agreement?
- Does their insurance create any restrictions?
Check insurance
Do not assume your pet insurance or household policy automatically covers every arrangement.
Check:
- Your dog’s pet-insurance terms
- Your household insurance
- The carer’s insurance where relevant
- Cover for third-party injury or damage
- Whether someone may drive your dog
- Whether commercial or unpaid care affects any cover
The policy wording controls what is covered.
Obtain confirmation from the insurer when the answer matters.
Leave written instructions
Even a close friend needs written information covering:
- Feeding
- Walks
- Medication
- Veterinary details
- Emergency contacts
- Behaviour
- Triggers
- Sleeping arrangements
- Home access
- What to do if you are delayed
Use my Pet Sitter Preparation Checklist to organise the handover.
Option five: taking your dog on holiday
Some dogs genuinely enjoy travelling and staying somewhere new.
Others become:
- Travel sick
- Frightened
- Overstimulated
- Unable to settle
- Distressed in accommodation
- Overheated
- Uncomfortable in crowded places
Do not assume that including your dog automatically makes the holiday better for them.
Taking your dog on a UK holiday
Before booking, check:
- The accommodation’s pet policy
- Number and size limits
- Additional charges
- Whether dogs may be left alone
- Garden security
- Flooring
- Stairs
- Nearby roads
- Walking routes
- Beach or park restrictions
- Local veterinary practices
- Travel time
- Weather
- Restaurants and attractions accepting dogs
Ask whether the accommodation is genuinely suitable rather than simply described as pet friendly.
A property may accept dogs while still having:
- An open garden
- Livestock nearby
- Slippery stairs
- No safe toilet area
- Restrictions on furniture
- No permission to leave dogs unattended
Read my Dog Staycation Packing List before travelling.
Taking your dog abroad
International pet-travel rules can change.
Depending on the destination and return journey, you may need:
- A microchip
- Rabies vaccination
- A pet-travel document
- An approved route
- Tapeworm treatment
- Additional health requirements
Current GOV.UK guidance says dogs returning to Great Britain normally need to meet rules involving microchipping, rabies vaccination and the correct travel documentation. Some journeys also require tapeworm treatment within a specified period.
Always check:
- Current GOV.UK pet-travel requirements
- Rules for the destination country
- Transport-provider conditions
- Accommodation restrictions
- Veterinary advice
- Weather and disease risks
Do not rely on an old blog article or a previous journey.
Read my Guide to Travelling With a Dog for wider preparation and transport advice.
Option six: combining different types of care
Sometimes one person or service cannot safely meet every need.
A mixed arrangement might involve:
- A house sitter staying overnight
- A familiar walker providing an established daytime walk
- A relative covering one part of the booking
- A professional administering agreed medication
- A backup carer available for emergencies
This may work where your dog already knows everyone involved and responsibilities are clear.
It can become confusing when several carers assume someone else has:
- Fed the dog
- Given medication
- Walked them
- Locked the door
- Refreshed water
- Checked the garden
- Contacted the owner
Use one written care plan.
Specify:
- Who is responsible
- What they are responsible for
- When they will attend
- Who holds keys
- Who makes emergency decisions
- Who updates you
- Who is the lead carer
- What happens when someone is unavailable
Tell every professional involved about the others.
Separate carers may have insurance, privacy and access requirements that need agreement before the booking begins.
Are pet visits enough while you are on holiday?
Short home visits may be suitable for:
- Some cats
- Rabbits
- Guinea pigs
- Hamsters
- Other agreed small animals
- A dog needing support during a long working day
- An evening where the owner returns later
They are not a suitable replacement for overnight care when a dog would otherwise be left alone all night.
Dogs need an arrangement that meets their:
- Toileting needs
- Social needs
- Feeding routine
- Safety
- Ability to cope alone
- Overnight requirements
My Pet Visits and Evening Pet Sitting service is intended for daytime and evening support, not as a way to leave a dog unattended overnight.
Compare the disruption involved
One useful way to assess the options is to count how many changes your dog must manage.
House sitting
Changes may include:
- You are absent
- A sitter enters and stays in the home
- Parts of the daily routine may differ
Usually unchanged:
- Home
- Sleeping area
- Local walks
- Household smells
- Feeding location
- Familiar equipment
Home boarding
Changes may include:
- You are absent
- Different home
- Different people
- Different sleeping area
- Different walks
- Possible resident pets
- Possible boarded dogs
- Travel
Kennels
Changes may include:
- You are absent
- Kennel accommodation
- Different staff
- Nearby dogs
- Different sounds
- Different exercise routine
- Travel
Travelling with you
Changes may include:
- Journey
- Accommodation
- Walking environment
- Daily activities
- Temperature
- Resting arrangements
Your presence may help, but it does not make every unfamiliar situation easy.
A confident dog may manage several changes well.
A sensitive dog may struggle when many happen together.
Consider separation-related behaviour honestly
A dog who cannot cope alone needs a different plan from a dog who comfortably sleeps for several hours.
Tell the carer about:
- Barking
- Howling
- Toileting
- Destruction
- Pacing
- Escape attempts
- Refusal to eat
- Inability to settle
- Following people constantly
- Distress when doors close
Do not describe severe distress as the dog being slightly clingy.
A standard house sitter, home boarder or kennel may not be able to provide continuous supervision.
My Guide to Preparing a Dog to Be Left Alone Safely explains why building comfortable alone time must be gradual and should not be confused with treating serious separation anxiety. (Finchley Dog Walker)
Severe or worsening separation-related behaviour should be discussed with your veterinary practice and an appropriately qualified reward-based behaviour professional.
Consider your dog’s health
Tell every potential carer about:
- Medical conditions
- Allergies
- Medication
- Mobility problems
- Previous seizures
- Digestive issues
- Breathing difficulties
- Veterinary diets
- Pain
- Recent surgery
- Age-related changes
Ask:
- Can the person give the medication?
- Is the timing realistic?
- What happens if a dose is refused?
- Can they recognise a change?
- How will the dog reach the vet?
- Who pays the veterinary bill?
- Is the required care within their competence and insurance?
A dog with complex clinical needs may require support arranged with your veterinary practice rather than ordinary holiday care.
Trial the arrangement before a long holiday
Do not let a two-week trip become the first time your dog:
- Meets the sitter
- Visits the boarder
- Sleeps in a kennel
- Travels for several hours
- Stays overnight away from you
A trial may involve:
- Introductory walks
- A home visit
- An evening booking
- One overnight stay
- A short boarding visit
- A weekend arrangement
A successful two-hour visit does not guarantee that a dog will cope for a week, but it may reveal:
- Refusal to eat
- Inability to settle
- Guarding
- Distress around other pets
- Problems with sleeping
- Escape risk
- Handling difficulties
My Getting Your Dog Used to a Sitter guide provides a calm introduction process.
Visit kennels and boarding homes in person
A website and photographs do not show:
- Noise levels
- Smells
- How staff handle dogs
- How secure the boundaries are
- How many dogs are present
- How much resting space is available
- Whether the environment suits your dog
Visit before booking.
A responsible provider should ask you detailed questions too.
They should want to know about:
- Behaviour
- Health
- Feeding
- Vaccination
- Medication
- Other dogs
- Sleeping
- Escape risks
- Previous care
- Emergency contacts
Be cautious when someone is willing to accept any dog immediately without learning anything about them.
Check insurance, licences and professional arrangements
Depending on the service, ask for:
- Current insurance
- Boarding licence where required
- References or reviews
- Qualifications or relevant experience
- First-aid training
- Terms and conditions
- Cancellation policy
- Emergency plan
- Veterinary procedures
- Key-management policy
- Backup arrangements
Home boarding and kennel boarding are licensable activities in England when carried out commercially. House sitting in the owner’s home is a different arrangement, so evaluating the sitter’s insurance, experience, references and professional procedures becomes especially important.
Red flags to watch for
Be cautious when a person or business:
- Refuses to let you see the care environment
- Cannot show a required boarding licence
- Will not discuss insurance
- Avoids questions about how many dogs they care for
- Has no emergency plan
- Mixes unfamiliar dogs without assessment
- Dismisses your concerns
- Promises your dog will definitely be happy
- Uses punishment-based equipment
- Will not discuss cameras or home access
- Cannot explain how medication is recorded
- Has no backup if they become ill
- Expects payment without clear booking terms
- Does not ask about health or behaviour
No arrangement can remove every risk.
The aim is to understand how risks are prevented, managed and communicated.
What information should you leave?
Your carer should receive written information about:
- Feeding
- Medication
- Walks
- Toileting
- Sleeping
- Behaviour
- Triggers
- Equipment
- Veterinary practice
- Emergency vet
- Insurance
- Local emergency contact
- Microchip information
- Travel plans
- Expected return
- What happens if you are delayed
For care in your home, also provide:
- Tested keys
- Alarm instructions
- Camera information
- Visitor details
- Heating instructions
- Household emergency contacts
Use these two guides:
What I would choose for a nervous or rescue dog
I would begin by asking how many changes the dog can manage comfortably.
With my own rescue dog, Roxy, I would have been cautious about combining:
- A new place
- New people
- New dogs
- New walking routes
- Travel
- Separation from me
For a dog like that, house sitting would have removed several pressures.
They would still need to cope with me being away and a sitter being present, but their home, bed, smells and local surroundings would remain familiar.
That does not mean every rescue dog needs house sitting.
Some rescue dogs are:
- Confident
- Sociable
- Comfortable travelling
- Happy in new homes
- Familiar with kennels
The word rescue does not define the individual dog.
My recommendation is based on the dog’s actual behaviour, history and needs.
My house-sitting service in Finchley and North London
I provide calm overnight house sitting for suitable dogs, cats and multi-pet households.
My service may be particularly helpful for:
- Rescue dogs
- Nervous and reactive dogs
- Senior pets
- Dogs who dislike boarding
- Multi-pet households
- Pets who depend on familiar routines
I stay overnight in your home and follow the agreed routine as closely as reasonably possible.
Care may include:
- Feeding and fresh water
- Local dog walks
- Toilet breaks
- Cat and small-animal care
- Agreed medication
- Companionship
- Normal sleeping arrangements
- Updates
- Basic home checks
Standard house sitting currently costs £60 per night and may include agreed daytime absences of up to four continuous hours.
Full-time house sitting for a pet who cannot be left normally starts at £100 per night and must be agreed before booking.
House sitting is mainly available in:
- East Finchley, N2
- Finchley Central, N3
- Muswell Hill, N10
- North Finchley, N12
- Whetstone, N20
- Selected nearby areas
- Highgate, N6, for some house-sitting bookings
Check my service area and current pet-care prices.
Check house-sitting availability.
Frequently asked questions
What is the best care option for a dog while I am on holiday?
There is no universal best option.
The right arrangement depends on your dog’s confidence, health, routine, response to change, ability to cope alone and behaviour around unfamiliar people and animals.
Is house sitting less stressful than kennels?
It may involve fewer environmental changes because the dog remains at home.
However, individual dogs differ. Some settle happily in familiar kennels, while others cope better at home.
Is home boarding better than kennels?
Neither is automatically better.
A small licensed home boarder may suit a sociable dog who enjoys domestic surroundings. A well-run kennel may suit a dog familiar with kennel care.
Assess the actual provider and your individual dog.
Does a home boarder need a licence?
Commercial home boarding in England is a licensable activity. Ask to see the provider’s current local-authority licence
Do boarding kennels need a licence?
Commercial dog-boarding kennels in England require an appropriate local-authority licence.
Does a house sitter need a boarding licence?
House sitting takes place in your dog’s own home rather than the sitter boarding the dog at another property.
It is not the same as licensed boarding. You should still check insurance, experience, references, policies and emergency arrangements.
Can my dog stay with a friend?
Yes, when the person is reliable, capable and understands the complete routine.
Check insurance, home security, other pets, children, emergency arrangements and whether your dog genuinely settles with them.
Can my dog stay home with daytime visits?
A daytime visit is not an appropriate sole arrangement when a dog would then be left alone overnight.
Arrange overnight or another suitable form of care.
How long can a house sitter leave my dog?
That depends on the dog and the service agreed.
Under my standard house-sitting service, daytime absences may last up to four continuous hours. Full-time care is required when the dog cannot cope with this.
Should I use someone my dog already knows?
Familiarity can help, but the person must still be suitable, reliable and able to meet the dog’s needs.
A familiar person who cannot manage medication, reactivity or emergencies may not be the safest choice.
Should I arrange a trial stay?
Yes, particularly before a long booking or when your dog has not used that type of care previously.
A trial can reveal problems with eating, sleeping, other dogs, handling or separation.
Can I take my dog abroad?
Possibly, but you must meet the destination, transport and return-entry requirements.
Check current official pet-travel guidance and speak to your vet well before travelling. (GOV.UK)
What should I leave with the carer?
Leave food, medication, equipment, written routines, veterinary details, emergency contacts, insurance information and enough supplies to cover a reasonable delay.
How far in advance should I book?
Start as early as possible, particularly for:
- School holidays
- Summer
- Easter
- Bank holidays
- Christmas
- New Year
Good carers and boarding establishments may fill well in advance.
What happens when my return is delayed?
Contact the carer immediately.
Additional care is subject to availability. Leave enough food, medication and supplies for a reasonable delay and provide a local emergency contact.
Choose the arrangement your dog can manage
There is no prize for choosing the most fashionable type of holiday care.
The important questions are:
- Will my dog be safe?
- Can their needs be met?
- Can they cope with the environment?
- Are the carers suitable?
- Are the legal and insurance arrangements clear?
- Is there an emergency plan?
- Have I prepared them properly?
House sitting may be the best fit for a nervous, senior, reactive or routine-dependent dog.
Licensed home boarding may suit a confident dog who enjoys domestic surroundings.
A familiar kennel may work well for a dog who already settles there.
Travelling with you may suit a dog who genuinely enjoys journeys and new locations.
Choose based on the individual dog, not the label attached to the service.
To discuss house sitting in Finchley or nearby North London areas, contact Del with your postcode, dates and a short description of your dog.
Related Finchley Dog Walker guides
- House Sitting in Finchley and North London
- House Sitting Versus Boarding for Rescue Dogs
- How to Choose a Pet Sitter
- Choosing a Trusted Dog Sitter or Boarder
- Getting Your Dog Used to a Sitter
- Pet Sitter Preparation Checklist
- How to Prepare Your Home for a Pet Sitter
- Dog Staycation Packing List
- Travelling With a Dog
- Preparing Your Dog to Be Left Alone
- Rescue Dog Support in Finchley
- Current Pet-Care Prices
- Service Area
Veterinary and behaviour disclaimer
This guide provides general information about choosing holiday care for a dog.
It does not assess your dog’s health, separation-related behaviour, aggression, medication requirements or suitability for a particular establishment or carer.
Discuss medical needs and significant changes in appetite, behaviour, mobility or ability to cope alone with your veterinary practice.
Dogs showing serious separation-related distress, fear, aggression or biting may also need support from an appropriately qualified reward-based behaviour professional.
